Double Replacement Precipitation Reactions.

The first double replacement precipitation reaction in the lab was Cu(NO₃)_2(aq) + 2NaOH_(aq) --> CuOH_2(s) + 2NaNO_3(aq). The driving force behing this reaction is formation of a solid (Copper(II) Hydroxide). These particular products were formed because copper traded places with sodium (Double Replacement).

The second double replacement precipitation reaction in the lab was 3CuCl_2(aq) + 2Na₃PO_4(aq) --> Cu₃(PO₄)_2(s) + 6NaCl_(aq). The driving force in this reaction was formation of a solid (Cupric Phosphate). The particular products formed because copper and sodium traded places making cupric phosphate and sodium chloride.

Single Replacement Reaction

The single replacement reaction in this lab is CuSO_4(aq) + Zn_(s) --> ZnSO_4(aq) + Cu_(s). The driving force for this reaction is formation of a solid (Cu), and this happens because zinc has the higher electronegativity and therefore pulls the sulfate ions away from the copper, leaving the copper all by itself plus Zinc Sulfate floating around in the solution.

CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) --> ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

This shows zinc being placed into blue copper(II) sulfate to create Zinc Sulfate and pure copper.

We are striving for accuracy in this step by stirring thoroughly and allowing all of the copper to be formed.

Cu3(PO4)2(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) --> 3CuSO4(aq) + 2H3PO4(aq)

Here we see the cupric phosphate being dissolved by sulfuric acid to make the aqeous blue copper(II) sulfate and aqeous phosphoric acid.

3CuCl2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) --> Cu3(PO4)2(s) + 6NaCl(aq)

Here we see Copper(II) Chloride reacting with Sodium Phosphate to produce the precipitate Cupric Phosphate and aqeous Sodium Chloride.

CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) --> CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

Cupric Oxide is being dissolved in Hydrochloric Acid to form Copper(II) Chloride and water.












Here we are striving for accuracy by holding the cone tight against the gromit to make sure that it is airtight so that all of our water will be filtered out.

Cu(OH)2(s) --> H2O(l) + CuO(s)

The solid copper(II) hydroxide is heated to produce water and cupric oxide.

Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) --> Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

Aqeous cupric nitrate is reacting with aqeous sodium hydroxide to form solid copper(II) hydroxide and aqeous sodium nitrate.

Here we are striving for accuracy by mixing the solution thoroughly until all the copper is converted. This insures that our error is as little as possible.

Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) --> 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)

The solid copper is becoming blue aqeous

cupric nitrate and a brown gas NO₂

is being released.

Here we see Jared striving for accuracy by

making sure he measures the right amount of

HNO₃ to make sure all of our copper is dissolved.